Arrow pushing or electron pushing is a technique used to describe the progression of organic chemistryreaction mechanisms.[1] It was first developed by Sir Robert Robinson.[2] In using arrow pushing, 'curved arrows' or 'curly arrows' are superimposed over the structural formulae of reactants in a chemical equation to show the reaction mechanism. The arrows illustrate the movement of electrons as bonds between atoms are broken and formed. Arrow pushing is also used to describe how positive and negative charges are distributed around organic molecules through resonance. It is important to remember, however, that arrow pushing is a formalism and electrons (or rather, electron density) do not move around so neatly and discretely in reality.
Recently, arrow pushing has been extended to inorganic chemistry, especially to the chemistry of s- and p-block elements. It has been shown to work well for hypervalent compounds.[3]
A paper-on-pencil approach uses active involvement and repetition to teach you to properly push electrons to generate resonance structures and write organic mechanisms with a minimum of memorization. Compatible with any organic chemistry textbook. Pushing Electrons Daniel P. Weeks Limited preview - 2013. Pushing electrons: a guide for. Students' eyes instead the reader to push electrons that it's. Excellent tool for everyone but true. Chemistry pdf, pushing electrons a guide for students of organic chemistry free download, pushing electrons a guide for students of organic chemistry pdf download, pushing electrons a guide for.
- 2Breaking of bonds
- 3Heterolytic reaction mechanisms
Notation[edit]
Representation of molecules by molecular formula
Organic chemists use two types of arrows within molecular structures to describe electron movements. Single electrons' trajectories are designated with single barbed arrows, whereas double-barbed arrows show movement of electron pairs.
Trajectory of electron pairs
Trajectory of single electron
![Reader Reader](http://www.fractalfield.com/conjugategravity/markscoursevisuals2018.jpg)
When a bond is broken, electrons leave where the bond was; this is represented by a curved arrow pointing away from the bond and an ending the arrow pointing towards the next unoccupied molecular orbital. Similarly, organic chemists represent the formation of a bond by a curved arrow pointing between two species.[4]
For clarity, when pushing arrows, it is best to draw the arrows starting from a lone pair of electrons or a σ or π bond and ending in a position that can accept a pair of electrons, allowing the reader to know exactly which electrons are moving and where they are ending. Bonds are broken in places where a corresponding antibonding orbital is filled. Some authorities[1] allow the simplification that an arrow can originate at a formal negative charge that corresponds to a lone pair. However, not all formal negative charges correspond to the presence of a lone pair (e.g., the B in F4B−), and care needs to be taken with this usage.
Breaking of bonds[edit]
A covalent bond joining atoms in an organic molecule consists of a group of two electrons. Such a group is referred to as an electron pair. Reactions in organic chemistry proceed through the sequential breaking and formation of such bonds. Organic chemists recognize two processes for the breaking of a chemical bond. These processes are known as homolytic cleavage and heterolytic cleavage.[5]
Homolytic bond cleavage[edit]
Homolytic bond cleavage is a process where the electron pair comprising a bond is split, causing the bond to break. This is denoted by two single barbed curved arrows pointing away from the bond. The consequence of this process is the retention of a single unpaired electron on each of the atoms that were formerly joined by a bond. These single electron species are known as free radicals.
For example, Ultraviolet light causes the chlorine-chlorine bond to break homolytically. This is the initiation stage of free radical halogenation.
Heterolytic bond cleavage[edit]
Heterolytic bond cleavage is a process where the electron pair that comprised a bond moves to one of the atoms that was formerly joined by a bond. The bond breaks, forming a negatively charged species (an anion) and a positively charged species (a cation). The anion is the species that retains the electrons from the bond while the cation is stripped of the electrons from the bond. The anion usually forms on the most electronegative atom, in this example atom A.
Heterolytic reaction mechanisms[edit]
All heterolytic organic chemistry reactions can be described by a sequence of fundamental mechanistic subtypes. The elementary mechanistic subtypes taught in introductory organic chemistry are SN1, SN2, E1, E2, addition and addition-elimination. Using arrow pushing, each of these mechanistic subtypes can be described.
SN1 reactions[edit]
An SN1 reaction occurs when a molecule separates into a positively charged component and a negatively charged component. This generally occurs in highly polar solvents through a process called solvolysis. The positively charged component then reacts with a nucleophile forming a new compound.
An SN1 reaction. Step 1, solvolysis. Step 2, substitution.
In the first stage of this reaction (solvolysis), the C-L bond breaks and both electrons from that bond join L (the leaving group) to form L− and R3C+ ions. This is represented by the curved arrow pointing away from the C-L bond and towards L. The nucleophile Nu−, being attracted to the R3C+, then donates a pair of electrons forming a new C-Nu bond.
Because an SN1 reaction proceeds with the Substitution of a leaving group with a Nucleophile, the SN designation is used. Because the initial solvolysis step in this reaction involves a single molecule dissociating from its leaving group, the initial stage of this process is considered a uni-molecular reaction. The involvement of only 1 species in the initial phase of the reaction enhances the mechanistic designation to SN1.
SN2 reactions[edit]
An SN2 reaction occurs when a nucleophile displaces a leaving group residing on a molecule from the backside of the leaving group. This displacement or substitution results in the formation of a substitution product with inversion of stereochemical configuration. The nucleophile forms a bond with its lone pair as the electron source. The electron sink which ultimately accepts the electron density is the nucleofuge (leaving group), with bond forming and bond breaking occurring simultaneously at the transition state (marked with a double-dagger).
Because an SN2 reaction proceeds with the substitution of a leaving group with a nucleophile, the SN designation is used. Because this mechanism proceeds with the interaction of two species at the transition state, it is referred to as a bimolecular process, resulting in the SN2 designation.
E1 eliminations[edit]
An E1 elimination occurs when a proton adjacent to a positive charge leaves and generates a double bond.
Because initial formation of a cation is necessary for E1 reactions to occur, E1 reactions are often observed as side reactions to SN1 mechanisms.
E1 eliminations proceed with the Elimination of a leaving group leading to the E designation. Because this mechanism proceeds with the initial dissociation of a single starting material forming a carbocation, this process is considered a uni-molecular reaction. The involvement of only 1 species in the initial phase of the reaction enhances the mechanistic designation to E1.
E2 eliminations[edit]
An E2 elimination occurs when a proton adjacent to a leaving group is extracted by a base with simultaneous elimination of a leaving group and generation of a double bond.
Similar to the relationship between E1 eliminations and SN1 mechanisms, E2 eliminations often occur in competition with SN2 reactions. This observation is most often noted when the base is also a nucleophile. In order to minimize this competition, non-nucleophilic bases are commonly used to effect E2 eliminations.
E2 eliminations proceed through initial extraction of a proton by a base or nucleophile leading to Elimination of a leaving group justifying the E designation. Because this mechanism proceeds through the interaction of two species (substrate and base/nucleophile), E2 reactions are recognized as bi-molecular. Thus, the involvement of 2 species in the initial phase of the reaction enhances the mechanistic designation to E2.
Addition reactions[edit]
Addition reactions occur when nucleophiles react with carbonyls. When a nucleophile adds to a simple aldehyde or ketone, the result is a 1,2-addition. When a nucleophile adds to a conjugated carbonyl system, the result is a 1,4-addition. The designations 1,2 and 1,4 are derived from numbering the atoms of the starting compound where the oxygen is labeled “1” and each atom adjacent to the oxygen are sequentially numbered out to the site of nucleophilic addition. A 1,2-addition occurs with nucleophilic addition to position 2 while a 1,4-addition occurs with nucleophilic addition to position 4.
Addition-elimination reactions[edit]
Addition-elimination reactions are addition reactions immediately followed by elimination reactions. In general, these reactions take place when esters (or related functional groups) react with nucleophiles. In fact, the only requirement for an addition-elimination reaction to proceed is that the group being eliminated is a better leaving group than the incoming nucleophile.
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^ abClayden, Jonathan; Greeves, Nick; Warren, Stuart; Wothers, Peter (2001). Organic Chemistry (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 123–133. ISBN978-0-19-850346-0.
- ^Kermack, William Ogilvy; Robinson, Robert (1922). 'An explanation of the property of induced polarity of atoms and an interpretation of the theory of partial valencies on an electronic basis'. Journal of the Chemical Society, Transactions. 121: 427–440. doi:10.1039/CT9222100427.
- ^Abhik Ghosh, Steffen Berg, Arrow Pushing in Inorganic Chemistry: A Logical Approach to the Chemistry of the Main Group Elements, (John Wiley & Sons, 2014).
- ^'Notes on arrow pushing (curly arrows)'(PDF). Imperial College London. Retrieved 2009-04-27.
- ^'Free Radical Reactions -- One Electron Intermediates'. Washington State University. Retrieved 2009-05-02.
References[edit]
- Daniel E. Levy, Arrow-Pushing in Organic Chemistry: An Easy Approach to Understanding Reaction Mechanisms - Second Edition, (John Wiley & Sons, 2017)
- Daniel P. Weeks, Pushing Electrons: A Guide for Students of Organic Chemistry, (Brooks Cole, 1998)
- Abhik Ghosh, Steffen Berg, Arrow Pushing in Inorganic Chemistry: A Logical Approach to the Chemistry of the Main Group Elements, (John Wiley & Sons, 2014)
- Robert B. Grossman, The Art of Writing Reasonable Organic Reaction Mechanisms, (Springer, 2007)
External links[edit]
- MIT.edu, OpenCourseWare: Organic Chemistry I
- HaverFord.edu, Organic Chemistry Lectures, Videos and Text
- CEM.MSU.edu, Virtual Textbook of Organic Chemistry
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arrow_pushing&oldid=916300873'
Welcome to Community Zone, an e-newsletter from the Fresno Unified School District featuring news of the district and schools. Sign up to receive this newsletter every two weeks. Questions? Contact [email protected].
Community News |
Fresno Unified Receives National Award for Financial Management | |
The Council of the Great City Schools recognized the district May 3 for reaching the highest standards in financial management, accountability and fiscal control. The leading coalition of the nation's large urban public school systems presented the Award for Excellence in Financial Managementto Fresno Unified for enhancing, safeguarding and protecting the financial integrity of the district. Michael Casserly, council executive director, presented the award at the board meeting. This is only the fifth time since the council initiated the award program in 2008 that it has honored a school district with its highest national award for sound financial management. The last award was given to the Atlanta Public Schools in 2015. |
District will Recognize Scholarship Winners | |
The district will honor 49 Fresno Unified Scholarship winners at a banquet Wednesday, May 10 in what has become an annual tradition celebrating deserving seniors. The community is invited to attend the event, which will be held from 6-8 p.m.at the Golden Palace Banquet Hall. The Clinton overpass is currently closed due to construction so allow for additional driving time. (note detour directions below). Tickets are $40. Sponsorships are also available starting at $500. Call 457-3380 or email [email protected]. Scholarships are awarded through a fund established in 2009 made possible by generous donations from the community and district employees. A State of Education luncheon in the fall is the largest single fundraiser for the scholarships. Scholarship Dinner Detour Directions Heading North Scholarship Dinner Detour Directions Heading South To Give to the Scholarship Fund: https://tinyurl.com/fusdscholarship |
District Hosts First-Ever Career Technical Education Summit | |
Fresno Unified, in partnership with the Office of the Fresno County Superintendent of Schools and Fresno City College, will host the first-ever Career Technical Education Summit on May 9 at Duncan Polytechnical High School from 4-7:30 p.m. Career technical education students will demonstrate what they have learned in nursing, therapy and rehabilitation services, construction, welding, manufacturing and automotive. Education and industry leaders will collaborate to develop new ways to expand career technical education so that students leave high school with a clear career pathway, as well as the skills and accreditations to lead them to success. |
Interim Superintendent Gets Head Shaved for Cancer Research | |
Interim Superintendent Bob Nelson was front and center during Sunnyside High School’s St. Baldrick's Foundation event April 27 as one of 18 'shavees” who had their head shaved in support of fundraising for childhood cancer research. Superintendent Nelson, Sunnyside counselor Jesse Medina and Sunnyside office manager Yolanda Lujan each raised over $1,000. The 'shavees” as a group raised over $5,000. The event also honored of Mia Amendolagine, a Malloch Elementary School student who passed away last June following a battle with leukemia. |
Fresno State Recognizes Incoming Freshmen from Fresno Unified | |
Fresno State University recognized 475 Fresno Unified seniors and their families April 26 in a new College Send-Off Reception to highlight their high school success with a special medallion presented by the university. The event, held at Hoover High School, also celebrated the strong partnership between Fresno Unified and the university. At the event, Fresno State also announced 12 scholarship recipients. |
Food Expo at Roosevelt will Feature Food Tasting, Nutrition Info | |
Families and the community are invited to a Spring Food Expo, hosted by Food Services from 9 a.m. to noon Saturday, May 13 at Roosevelt High School’s cafeteria. The expo will feature food tasting to help determine new items for school lunches, vendors showcasing new food products, nutrition information, activities, games and prizes. A flatbread pizza being piloted at Tioga Middle School’s after-school program was a result of last year’s Spring Food Expo. Flyer about Food Expo at Roosevelt High |
Hmong Speaker Students Hold Heritage Showcase | |
Students of the Hmong Heritage Speakers and Hmong Native Speakers courses from all district comprehensive high schools and two middle schools are proud to present their first Hmong Heritage Showcase on Saturday, May 13 from 8 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. at Vang Pao Elementary School. All are invited. Students will perform and showcase their learning from the past year. Lunch will be provided with authentic Hmong food. For more information, please contact Doua Vu or Ton Cha. |
Superintendent Board Remarks from May 3, 2017 |
Interim Superintendent Bob Nelson provided a brief report to the Fresno Unified Board of Education including: • Thanking Michael Casserly and Robert Carlson from the Council of the Great CitySchools for coming all the way from Washington, D.C. to personally recognize Fresno Unified and in particular, the fiscal teams that work daily to ensure financial stability. Led by Deputy Superintendent and Chief Financial Officer Ruthie Quinto, Nelson congratulated Ruthie, Jacquie Canfield, Santino Danisi, Kim Kelstrom, Andrew De La Torre, Paul Rosencrans, Steven Shubin and the many folks who make up these remarkable teams. • This past Monday, Sunnyside High School students arrived to a uniquely different campus then they left on Friday -- complete with larger than life sized portraits of fellow classmates plastered on walls and staircases. The surprise “guerilla” art project was a passionate gift of student art that took most of Saturday to complete. Led by photography teacher Tamela Ryatt, students brought the walls of Sunnyside High School to life showing that true art can live anywhere and is often seen in the eyes of one another. Nelson shared a video highlighting the work and added that the video had been viewed more than 76,000 times on social media. • Monday also marked an important day for the district’s high school seniors -- college commitment day. Over the last few weeks, our comprehensive and alternative ed. high schools have been hosting “Signing Day” ceremonies, celebrating the many college and universities students will soon call home. The signing day events at each of our high schools have been homegrown efforts, ranging from small intimate ceremonies to larger events in the quad over lunch or as part of a senior awards celebration. This year, thanks to the suggestion of Trustee Cazares, we provided some additional resources to ensure this monumental moment was forever captured at every school and celebrated on a larger scale. Thank you to Campus Culture Manager Leslie Loewen and the district’s media team for supporting this year’s effort. Nelson noted there are still a few celebratory signings slated for later this month, but shared a video highlighting some of the “Signing Day” events that have occurred so far. • Interim superintendent went on to speak about two very important events coming up next week -- the CTE summit on Tuesday, May 9. Next Tuesday Fresno Unified, Fresno City College and the office of the Fresno County Superintendent are inviting community members, business partners, parents and students to join us for our first ever Career Technology Education Summit. Registration begins at 4 p.m. at Duncan Polytechnical High School. Students will provide CTE demonstrations in nursing, therapy and rehabilitation services, construction, welding, manufacturing and automotive. The formal program begins at 5 p.m. and will include open discussions about future CTE plans, needs and supports. Advance registration is not mandatory, but we encourage folks to visit the district website at fresnounified.org to learn more and register online. • The second event next week is the Fresno Unified Scholarship Awards dinner on May 10 where 49 deserving seniors will be honored at the Golden Palace Banquet Hall as they receive scholarships totaling $61,000. Doors open at 5:30 p.m. Nelson thanked district employees and community partners who have donated to the Fresno Unified scholarship fund over the last eight years. Interim superintendent also directed those interested in donating to the fund to the district website to learn more. Nelson then shared a short video featuring County Supervisor Sal Quintero, giving voice to one of the many applications received this year. |
Employer of Choice |
Yolanda Juarez Wins Counseling Award | |
Yolanda Juarez, a vice principal III on special assignment in College and Career Readiness, has won the prestigious 2017 H.B. McDaniel Hall of Fame Award for her exemplary leadership and contributions to the field of counseling and guidance. Yolanda led the Fresno Unified School District counseling team to the first H.B. McDaniel Group Award in 2010. Previously, only individual awards were given. Yolanda also serves as adjunct faculty for Fresno Pacific University in the master’s program for School Counseling. Yolanda was honored and inducted into the Hall of Fame on April 22 at the Stanford University Faculty Club. Her name will be added to the Hall of Fame plaque at the School of Education at Stanford. The H.B. McDaniel Foundation Hall of Fame Award is recognized by the California Department of Education and celebrates the ongoing contributions of leaders in the field of counseling who have in the spirit of 'Dr. Mac' significantly influenced the counseling and guidance profession in the state through dedicated service, research, writing, and helping others become counselors through mentoring and advocating for the profession. The late H.B. McDaniel is considered the 'father of counseling' and guidance in California. |
IT Software Engineer Highlighted for CoderGirlz | |
Information Technology software engineer Saori Jansen, co-founder and director of the CoderGirlz clubs, was highlighted recently for her efforts to attract girls in Fresno Unified to STEM fields. Saori, a 2008 graduate of Fresno State University, was featured in a Fresno State Alumni news article. Saori came up with the idea for CoderGirlz in October 2015, coordinating with the Fresno Unified technology team and finding teachers willing to be club advisers. The district now has 14 chapters of CoderGirlz at elementary, middle and high schools. |
School Buzz |
Father-Daughter End Lacrosse Rivalry | |
For the past four years, a Fresno Unified father and daughter have battled against each other on the lacrosse field. Amy Altschuler, a senior at Hoover High School and captain of the lacrosse team, recently completed her final game against Roosevelt High School, where dad Steve Altschuler is the coach. Steve notes that Amy scored 16 goals off his team during her career, which includes All-League honors. “I was happy when she scored goals against us, sometimes asking my players, ‘Guess who scored that one?’ We always did our best to defend her and her teammates and my focus was to figure out how we could prevent her and her teammates from scoring rather than enjoying her goals or assists, so that was a bit difficult.” Amy’s Hoover team beat her dad’s Roosevelt team seven out of eight games. “She certainly relished beating her father and wasn't afraid to express that at home,” Steve said. “When we finally did win a game with them, it was a little bittersweet for me -- proud of my team but felt bad for Amy and her team. It really has been a special experience for us.” |
Sunnyside Photography Students Unveil Surprise Project | |
As students arrived at Sunnyside High School May 1, they were met with a “guerrilla style” art project that was installed over the weekend. Inspired by a TED Talk featuring an artist from Paris, Sunnyside High School photography students used simple materials to create a large scale message through photographs. The photographs celebrate the unity and diversity of 110 Sunnyside staff and students. Over the weekend, students used more than 60 gallons of cooked wheat paste to glue the poster-size images to walls and stairways on campus, covering 2,400 square feet. The project will remain up through May. Video of Sunnyside Guerrilla Art Project |
Roosevelt Clubs Attend Pollution Summit at Aquarium | |
Students from Roosevelt High School's Ecology Club and Art Club attended the Monterey Bay Aquarium's Plastic Pollution Summit April 29-30 to share their campus and community impact project with students from around California. The summit was the culmination of a year-long project aimed at reducing plastic pollution. The students presented their project design, measurement tools, impact data and key findings to an audience of more than 250. Roosevelt's project targeted the four R's – refill, reduce, reuse and recycle. Over six months, Roosevelt Rough Riders reduced their amount of single-use plastic water bottles by 15,000 bottles by refilling at hydration stations, increased the number of students utilizing those hydrations stations by 300%, reused 4,000 plastic bags in art projects, and collected and recycled 400 pounds of litter. The project involved more than 30 students who were represented at the summit by the leadership team of Angel Camacho (senior), Arlet Flores (sophomore), Heimy Delgado (junior), Phoebe Salas (freshman), and Jerimiah Torres (senior). Project mentors were Brandi Capuchino-Mendoza and Reid Gromis. |
McLane Art Featured at River Event | |
McLane ArtVenture students’ work will be featured at a “Rise Above: Finding a Place to Stand” event at the River Center from 5:30 to 8 p.m. Friday, May 5. The event is in collaboration with the San Joaquin Parkway and Conservation Trust. Guests will enjoy student art (for sale) and spoken word performances by students. More Information on Rise Above Event |
Cinco de Mayo at Kirk | |
Kirk Elementary School celebrated Cinco de Mayo with a cultural program in the morning featuring dancing, singing and much more. The event included adult performances. |
Phoenix Secondary Students Tour UC Merced | |
Tenth grade students at Phoenix Secondary Academy toured UC Merced Campus, participated in a student panel and had lunch in the dining commons on April 27. Students had the opportunity to meet with UC Merced students with similar life experiences and learn about their successful college transition. |
New Student Group at Bullard Mentors Students at Slater | |
Knights of Valor is a new student accountability group at Bullard High School. Students meet weekly at lunch time and are mentored by community members and staff on various topics such as personal responsibility, college entrance and community service. They decided to share spring baskets with students in need at Slater Elementary School as a community service project. The students and staff sought out community donations of baskets, books, pencils, and candy for over 40 student baskets. The teachers at Slater gave out tickets for good behavior and students’ tickets went into drawings at each lunch period on April 7. At the beginning of each lunch period, Bullard campus safety assistant Christiansen Flemming would introduce himself and the Knights of Valor group, and asked the Slater kids to raise their hands if they wanted to go to college, if they listened to their teachers, if they played sports, if they played instruments and several other interactive questions. He explained that all the students on the stage were working toward going to college to be students, athletes, in music or arts, and that being responsible students and good citizens was all part of it. Then, Slater students’ names were drawn and they were high fived on their way up to the stage, and while on stage, presented with a basket, and had a picture taken. After all the baskets were passed out for each lunch period, the Bullard students went to the lunch tables and interacted with the Slater students about making good choices in school, at recess, working hard and being good citizens. It was very sweet and powerful for both the younger and older students. 'We adults had tears of joy watching the connections that were happening,” said Tracey Havens, teacher on special assignment in Prevention and Intervention. |
Four Students from Sunnyside High School are Dell Scholars | |
Four students from Sunnyside High School have been named Dell Scholars, bringing Sunnyside’s total to 49 since the program’s inception, the most of any high school in the country. This year’s Dell Scholars are Veronica Leal and Jennifer Becerra, headed to UCLA; Jennifer Yang, headed to either UCLA, UC Berkeley or UC Irvine; and Kassy Vang, headed to UC Berkeley. |
Hamilton Pre-K Earns Five-Star Rating | |
Hamilton K-8 School’s pre-kindergarten received a five-star star rating from Early Stars, indicating a high quality pre-k program. This is the second time that Hamilton has received a five-star rating. To obtain a five-star rating, the program underwent six hours of state evaluations and observations plus numerous rigorous state and local requirements. |
Mayor Brand Returns to Alma Mater for CTE Event | |
Fresno Mayor Lee Brand returned to Roosevelt High School, his alma mater, to open a meeting of the Career Technical Education Advisory Committee April 27 with comments about the importance of CTE and developing a strong workforce for the community. Roosevelt students from career pathway classes showcased projects. |
McLane Student-Run Bank Honors Bank Employee | |
McLane High School’s student-run bank honored retiring Union bank employee Jan Woolsey on April 24 with a reception and a commemorative plaque, which will hang at the bank on campus. Considered the godmother of the student bank program, Jan was honored for her years of dedicated service. |
Bullard, Sunnyside Student Athletes Sign with Colleges | |
Bullard and Sunnyside high schools held signing ceremonies this week for student athletes committing to colleges. Bullard signings: • Araceli Mancilla: Fresno Pacific University, cross country/track • Logan Kolehmainen: Farleigh Dickinson University, softball • Alyssa Bush: Menlo College, softball • Jen Cruse: Cottey College, softball • Kimiah Johnson: Academy of Art, volleyball • Michael Jura: Stanislaus State University, golf • Jack Taylor: George Fox University, football Sunnyside signings: • Marcus Hawkins: Whittier College, football • Joshua Woods, Dubuque University, football • Daniel Facio and Jesus Castaneda: Fresno City College, football • Nate Hughes, Isaiah Maxwell, Ricardo Valdarrama, Tyren McNtyre, Eddie Brandon: Reedley College, football • Alex Snyder, Hiram College, softball • Jocelyn Simon, Southwestern Community College, softball |
Bullard Symphonic Band Wins Award in Washington | |
The Bullard High School symphonic band traveled to Washington, D.C. during spring break to participate in the International Music Festival at the prestigious Kennedy Center and won the Silver Award. The group performed at Fort Myer Army Base and at the Navy Memorial, participated in enriching music clinics, and toured the White House, the Capitol, Arlington Cemetery, Mt. Vernon, the Lincoln Memorial, the Smithsonian, and other sights. |
Hoover Teams Excel at MESA Competition | |
Two teams from Hoover High School competed at the Mathematics, Engineering, Science Achievement (MESA) regional competition at UC Santa Cruz April 22, with the team of Noah Ritter, Maria Salas, and Dyani Martinez placing first and the team of Zachary Rivas, Riley Kibbee, Ernesto Ramirez, and Jorge Lopez placing second in the Rube Goldberg device competition. |
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I Am Ready |
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The “I Am Ready” (social media hashtag: #FresnoReady) citywide movement encourages the entire community to work together to elevate the district towards a 100% graduation rate. This initiative motivates every citizen in Fresno to be a part of the academic success of our nearly 74,000 students. The effort comes on the heels of Fresno Unified’s strongest graduation rates in more than a decade. In recent years, Fresno Unified graduated more than 80% of students on time, enrolled more than 5,000 of our high school students in Advanced Placement courses, and over 5,000 high school students in career technical education courses. Additionally, more than 85% of graduating seniors applied to an institution of higher learning. Nationally, the graduation rate for Hispanics was 76.3% during the 2014-2015 school year, but here in Fresno Unified, the graduation rate for our Hispanic students reached 85.6%. The district is also demonstrating stronger gains for African-American students. Nationally, the graduation rate for African-American students is 72.5%, but here in Fresno, it stands at 80.6%. We are very proud of our overall 85% graduation rate, but we anticipate that percentage to climb with the release of the new numbers. Great things are indeed happening here, but we will only be able to reach a 100% graduation rate with the support of the entire community. There are a number of ways you can say “I Am Ready” to get involved to support our youth. No deed is too small when it comes to helping our youth and only with everyone’s effort will we reach our goal. Are you ready? | |||
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